أدب اليوتوبيا والبحث عن العالم المثالي زاوية: “شمس ونور ومطر”* د. سناء الشعلان
النشرة الدولية –
إنّ البحث عن الفردوس والسعادة المطلقة والحياة المثالية الهدف الدائم من ظهور أدب اليوتوبيا عبر تاريخ الأدب الإنساني. مضافاً إلى ذلك اعتراف مؤلفيها بقلقهم على مصير كوكبنا الأرضي يقول يوسف الشاروني، فاليوتوبيات في أكثر الأحيان هي خطط ومشروعات لمجتمعات تعمل بشكلّ آلي ومؤسسات تصورها اقتصاديون وسياسيون وأخلاقيون ،لكنّها كذلك كانت الأحلام الحية للشعراء كنا تقول ماريا لويزا برنيري.
واليوتوبيا هي حلم الإنسان بالمكان المثالي . ولعلّه حلمه الأزلي منذ خرج من الجنة، وعلى النقيض نشأت اليوتوبيا الضد في شكلّ الجحيم الذي هو مصير للشرير الذي انحرف عن تعاليم الجماعة في أثنــــــاء الحياة الأرضية كما يقول شعيب حليفي في كتابه عن شعرية الرواية الفانتاستيكيّة، إذ يرى أنّ قلة رصيد الكتابات اليوتوبية في العصر الحديث قد يعود إلى التعقيدات العنيفة وغياب المكان المثالي وما يجمع بين اليوتوبيا والخيال العلمي هو طابع الشمولية ، وإلغاء الفردية ، وقهر الحرية في مجتمعات يُفترض أنها مثالية). ولعل أفلاطون (427 ق.م –353 ق.م) هو أوّل من استدعى اليوتوبيا من العالم الآخر إلى دنيانا في جمهوريته، وتأثر به الفارابي (873- 951) في (آراء أهل المدينة الفاضلة).
وتظهر اليوتوبيات من وقت لآخر في أدبنا القديم ، ففي ألف ليلة وليلة يتجلّى عالم مثالي تحت سطح الماء في قصّة (عبد الله البري وعبد الله البحري)، وفي رحلات السندباد كذلك. كما أنّ المسعودي في (مروج الذهب) ، والإدريسي في (نزهة المشتاق) يتحدثون عن جزر النحاس في بحر الظلومات وعن الأرض التي يثمر شجرها نساء.
أمّا في العصر الحديث فقد خاض الكثير غمار هذه اليوتوبيات، فكتب فرانسوا رابليه (1490-1553) (دير تيلم) التي يعيش كلّ سكانها وفق قاعدّة واحدة وهي (افعل ما تشاء). كذلك كتب أمن ديديرو ( 1713- 1784 (ملحق رحلة بوجانفيي)، وكتب ايتين كابيه (1788- 1856) ( رحلة إلى إيكاريا)، وكتب وليم موريس ( 1834- 1896) (أخبار من لا مكان)، وتوماس مور ( 1477- 1535) (يوتوبيا ). والمشكلة العامة في كلّ أدب اليوتوبيا تتمثل في: كيف يقدم لنا مجتمعاً موجوداً فعلياً) ، لذلك كثيرًا ما يحاول القارئ البحث عن مدينة فاضلة في (ماضي اليوتوبيان) ، كمدينة اطلنطا الخيالية.
وفي الأدب العربي المعاصر خاض بعض الكتّاب غمار اليوتوبيات مثل نهاد شريف في (سكان العالم الثاني) 1977، عبد السلام البقالي (الطوفان الأزرق ) 1976؛ وحسين قدري (هروب إلى الفضاء) 1981، صبري موسى (السيد من حقل السبانخ) 1984، توفيق الحكيم (الطعام لكلّ فم )، أماني فريد (همسات ) يوسف إدريس (جمهورية فرحات).
واليوتوبيات عموماً تقوم على فكرة بناء عالم خيالي لا وجود له إلاّ ضمن قوانين خاصة وظروف استثنائية، قد تكون خارجة أحياناً عمّا يمكن تفسيره ضمن نواميس الطبيعة ، وهذا ما يجمعها بالغرائبية والعجائبيّة ويجعلها تنطوي تحتهما، فاليوتوبيا وفق رأي شعيب حليفي تتأسّس على واقع بعيد متخيل. لكنّها تفترق عن العجائبيّة والغرائبيّة بسكونيتها إذ هي تقدم تصوراً ثابتاً ضمن صور مختلفة. (فالدول اليوتوبية سكونية). بينما الغرائبيّة العجائبيّة عالم يضجّ بالحركة لا ضوابط ولا قوانين تقيّد تجلياته وتشكّلاته، وإن كان يتبنّى في طريقته بعض الأعمال السابقة ويستخدمها إطاراً أو ممرّاً لغايته.
وكثير من أعمال اليوتوبيا يجوز أن يندرج تحت أدب الخيال العلمي، ولا سيما إذا أدركنا حقيقة تبنيّ اليوتوبيا للتحوّل التكنولوجي، والاكتشافات وتوظيفها في مدنها في سبيل إسعاد الإنسانيّة، لكنّه بالرغم من ذلك يبقى متورطاً في مشكلّة كثرة المقالات الجدلية في اليوتوبيا، ولعلّ ذلك يعود إلى حاجة المؤلف إلى رسم عالم كامل على غير ما نعرف في العالم الحقيقي.
Add weight as soon as you can perform this train safely and with good kind.
If you have considerations about shoulder joint stability, do not decrease the weight so far that the
highest of the arms falls beneath parallel. Whereas you could not profit from the complete vary of movement,
this modification places much less stress on the shoulder.
It’s not essential to do all of these variations in the identical exercise.
For those athletes hoping to build sculpted shoulders, this train is a must.
While the delts serve extra as an accessory muscle,
they stabilize the shoulders all through the
motion.
Decrease the dumbbells in the path of your chest, preserving your elbows
flared out.4. The alternative between neutral grip and parallel grip bench press
depends on your individual health objectives and physical capabilities.
With that in thoughts, there, there are proper and incorrect methods to
get yourself into position for the dumbbell bench press. First
I will clarify the proper setup in a step-by-step process.
But organising the train may be tricky if you end up
by yourself. As the dumbells required become very heavy it gets to be increasingly troublesome.
The heavier the dumbbells get the tougher it
is to get them up into a place from which to press them, let alone truly do the train.
Proper respiratory patterns and lifting tempo are essential for maximizing the efficacy of the
Flat Dumbbell Press. Inhale as you lower the dumbbells, maintaining the motion steady and unhurried.
This not solely helps in stabilizing the core but additionally ensures a rhythm that
can enhance focus and power technology all through the carry.
Generally talking, newbie and intermediate lifters will see the most effective results by benching twice per week.
Research present that coaching a muscle group twice a week will show better results than once a week.
No matter what variation of the bench press you do, pretty much all
the same muscular tissues shall be activated. Nevertheless, the totally different variations of
the bench press will emphasize sure muscle tissue.
Your chest or the pectoral region consists of 4 muscles- pectoralis main, pectoralis minor, subclavius,
and serratus anterior. These muscles are liable for rotating and flexing the
upper limb and maintaining its vary of motion and adaptability.
I even have seen people that bench press 300+ lbs however cannot even get up 100lb dumbbells during their press.
If you are only doing dumbbell presses you should positively mix in bench
press sooner or later and still do your dumbbell presses.
There is no exact conversion for dumbbells to
barbell bench press nonetheless you will get a considerably tough number to begin with and
it might be fun to attempt to predict your max just begin light to be secure.
Read further as we talk about the tactic to make extreme positive aspects on your bench press coming from dumbbell presses.
Hold the dumbbells with a parallel grip, palms dealing with ahead.3.
However, don’t bounce out of the bottom of each rep. That’s a recipe for damage.
Incline flies will work the upper, inner part of your chest and flat bench flies will work the center, internal
part. The path to constructing chesticles isn’t any
extra difficult than for another body half.
You just need to know a bit about anatomy and what workouts to infuse into
your program.
The key to gaining these advantages is to stay consistent, hold your
self engaged via its variations, and comply with a healthy lifestyle.
So as you’ll have the ability to see there is no
exact science to calculating your barbell bench press
primarily based of your dumbbell press. However you can determine it out simply by beginning
mild in your bench press and increasing from there.
Likewise, doing a press on an upright bench positioned at 90-degrees targets your shoulders.
To successfully goal the higher portion of your chest, you have to choose an angle
someplace between these two angles. If you have been doing dumbbell bench press
or incline barbell press for a while, you in all probability have a good suggestion of how
a lot weight you can handle for these exercises. However, that doesn’t mean you’ll be able to lift the same amount when attempting the dumbbell incline press.
All you have to carry out the incline dumbbell press is an incline bench or
adjustable bench, and a set of dumbbells.
The close grip barbell bench press shifts emphasis to your triceps.
It also hits extra of your internal chest (get that good separation between left and right side).
The close grip barbell bench press not solely develops your triceps amazingly well, but it will also enhance your power
in the standard grip bench press. There are many variations of the chest press,
such as incline and decline bench press.
Your body, with its strengths and weaknesses, is exclusive, and just because lifters appear to be 20–30% stronger within the flat bench press on common, it doesn’t mean that the identical essentially applies to you.
How much weight you can lift in every train will rely,
amongst different things, in your individual
physique construction, making you roughly proficient
at one or the other. Many folks feel that the incline press
places less stress on their shoulder joint in contrast with the usual bench press.
The hammer chest press takes a little stress
off the shoulders whereas emphasizing the internal and lower pec major.
The movement is type of comparable as a daily
db bench press besides your arms might be
held in a hammer grip (neutral grip with palms facing in) and you’ll have your arms at about 90˚.
With hammer grip chest presses, you will have
a fair higher ROM because you possibly can convey your
arms nearer together on the top of the movement.
This is a regular bench press by way of type and body positioning and every little
thing. The only difference is you will use bands to hang weights off the ends
of each sleeves of the barbell. By doing this, you will be completely altering the dynamics of stability.
The larger the load, the greater the impact on muscle fiber recruitment.
As you bench press more, it’s a good suggestion to provide yourself publicity to all three bench press
variations every so often to ensure you’re not leaving any pec fibers undertrained.
All three of those bench press variations will train the pecs, triceps,
and anterior delts to varied levels. For the sake of getting somewhat more granular in this article, I’ll spotlight which
pec fibers each variation typically trains more of. The incline bench press will entail bench pressing on an incline
bench.
The dumbbells should come together at the high of each rep.
Straighten your arms, however don’t lock your elbows.
Locking your arms means your joints are supporting the weight somewhat than your muscular
tissues. You may discover that certain variations are
onerous on your joints or simply ineffective.
All in all, if you need to construct an impressive
chest, and higher physique horizontal pushing strength, the bench press is the simplest
and environment friendly means to take action. Nevertheless, you
will be maintaining the dumbbells at your centerline throughout the train. The dumbbells will
keep pressed together and you’ll simply press up and down in a straight path.
The act of squeezing the dumbbells collectively throughout the movement does a really great job of preserving plenty of
rigidity in your pecs.
The dumbbell bench press is a compound carry and requires a number of steps to carry out accurately.
To maximize their performance on a dumbbell bench press, an athlete must defend
their focus and grasp each section of the dumbbell bench press.
Since the dumbbell bench press is a compound raise, it’s essential to understand
every train stage. If you realize the person phases of the exercise, then you know the way
to apply and grasp the form of each. Longevity in training is
not just in regards to the quick workout but in addition about the cumulative impact of consistently safe practices.
Pay Attention to your body, and if a particular weight or vary
of movement causes discomfort past normal muscle fatigue, reassess and regulate accordingly.
The pectoralis major is the first muscle group targeted through the flat
chest press. It consists of two heads, the clavicular head (upper chest)
and the sternal head (lower chest). The flat chest press helps
develop each heads, contributing to a well-rounded chest.
The flat bench press, being a compound train, recruits numerous muscles.
This ends in the next calorie burn throughout and after the exercise, serving to to increase your overall metabolic price.
The chest fly is a superb exercise to make use of if you want to replace the dumbbell
bench press because it affects your chest as well as other physique components.
It is a compound raise and works your entire higher body,
together with your pectoral muscles. If you observe these
steps, you’ll quickly grasp the right type of the dumbbell bench press.
Incorporating this train into your exercises will help
you shortly build a robust and defined higher physique.
Like all weightlifting exercises, an athlete should
perform the dumbbell bench press with correct type and approach.
The good form ensures that the athlete will get essentially the most out of the motion, maintaining them safe from potential harm.
Yes, the flat bench press can be carried out by beginners;
however, it’s important to begin with lighter weights and give consideration to proper type.
You Will wish to select dumbbells which may be
lighter than you’d use for a flat dumbbell bench press and when performing a barbell incline press.
If you’re unsure of the proper weight, start light and work your means up till you are feeling challenged but can nonetheless do an entire set using proper form.
You could simply stick to the flat bench press and maybe the incline bench press.
The barbell bench press will at all times be the primary lift for power programs.
It will put your chest, shoulders and triceps in the biggest place
to carry heavy and use a massive range of motion. The commonplace grip, which is 1.5x your shoulder
width, is one of the best for overall improvement of the chest, shoulders and triceps.
On high of building well-rounded energy, you’ll additionally build fuller pecs by implementing flat,
decline, and incline bench presses into your workout program.
By addressing frequent questions and misconceptions, we hope to provide clarity and confidence to these looking
to incorporate this train into their health routine.
Keep In Mind, everyone’s health journey is exclusive, so tailor your method to swimsuit your individual objectives and capabilities.
Yes, the flat bench press strengthens the muscular tissues
answerable for good posture, such as the upper back and shoulders.
Having a coaching companion handy the dumbbells off to you is best.
These allowed you to hold the dumbells off an overhead bar by
hooks so as to seize them from the reclined place on the bench.
Sadly, the manufacturer discontinued them so, until you’ve a companion or can recruit a pleasant particular
person on the fitness center, you’re on your own. With over 15 years of experience in the fitness business,
Eugene combines his intensive information of power coaching and nutritional science to empower people on their journey to wellness.
His philosophy centers across the belief that anyone can obtain their health targets via dedication, correct steering, and a holistic strategy to
health.
He’s been formally reviewing sneakers and
training gear for over 7 years and has hand-tested over four hundred pairs of footwear.
Jake is known on the web and YouTube for mixing his
evaluation process with his academic, energy sports activities,
and private coaching background. As the bench is inclined,
the activation of the center and decrease pec decreases, whereas the upper pec has to bear the brunt of the work
along with the entrance deltoid. If your toes aren’t comfortably flat on the
ground, use blocks or weight plates quite than placing your legs on the bench, which
reduces stability. You can use these charts that
will assist you get a good idea of how a lot you’ll
have the ability to raise. Then, you possibly
can adjust the burden as wanted to go properly with your
fitness objectives.
Since the incline bench press continues to be
a demanding train, it’s best to carry out
it near the beginning of the workout. For most compound actions, a great
period of time to relaxation between sets is
anywhere from 2-3 minutes, depending on how heavy you’re lifting.
The wide grip barbell bench press shifts emphasis to your pectoralis
main, specifically the lower, center and outer space of your pec main.
If the angle is more than 45-degrees, the dumbbells will hit too excessive on their chest.
If the angle is lower than 45-degrees, the dumbbells will hit too lengthy
on their chest. When an athlete is on the brink of perform a
dumbbell bench press, they want to know their
grip power and points of contact. This train can turn out to
be dangerous if the dumbbells are too heavy and surpass their grip energy.
Set up your dream home gym at present with our wide selection of fitness tools.
Your hand grip should be overhand with the thumbs placed underneath the bar and across the top of the fingers.
Do Not place your thumbs behind the bar or locked
beneath the fingers. Athletic Insight Sports Psychology and Train Group was
established in 1999, serving as a hub for
sports psychology, train, and dieting. Moreover, prioritize
post-workout recovery by incorporating stretching,
foam rolling, and high quality sleep into your routine.
Correcting these mistakes is not going to only enhance your form but additionally maximize the effectiveness of the exercise.
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