التربية والثقافة الإعلامية الرقمية* د. عبير الرحباني
النشرة الدولية –
عندما نتكلم عن التربية الإعلامية فمن الضروري ربطها بالتربية والثقافة الرقمية، حيث لا يمكن الفصل ما بين التربية الإعلامية والثقافة الإعلامية الرقمية، كوننا نشهد اليوم ثورة رقمية أدت لتطورات كثيرة وعديدة طرأت على وسائل الإعلام، وأدواته، ومصادره، حتى أن وسائل الإتصال عامة والمعلوماتية أيضا، نجدها قد تحولت الى وسائل رقمية.
ولعلّنا نشهد اليوم تطورات عديدة وإبتكارات نوعية هائلة طرأت على وسائل الإعلام وأدواته، ووسائله المختلفة، بحيث تحولت تلك الوسائل من وسائل تقليدية، الى وسائل الكترونية، الى وسائل رقمية – الكترونية، من ثم الى إعلام جديد، يتمثل بمنصات التواصل الاجتماعي وأشهرها “الفيسبوك”، و”الهواتف الذكية” والتي تحولت فيما بعد الى “صحافة موبايل”، بحيث أصبحت آداة إعلامية متكاملة وأداة من أدوات الإنتاج الإعلامي، وبالتالي أصبح الباب مفتوحاً اليوم على كل الإحتمالات، وباتت تلك الوسائل أكثر قدرة على الإستجابة للظروف والمعيقات والتحديات التي يفرضها الواقع الإعلامي الذي لا يمكن الإستغناء عنه أو تجاهله. الأمر الذي يتطلب فهمها وإستيعابها وإدراكها من حيث أهميتها، وإيجابيتها وسلبياتها.
كما يتطلب إدراك تأثيرها ومخاطرها، بخاصة مع تفشي الشائعات، والفتن، والتحريض، والإبتزاز، وخطاب الكراهية والتنمر عبر الإعلام الجديد، إضافة الى أن أغلب الجرائم الإلكترونية أصبحت تتحول من العالم الإفتراضي الى أرض الواقع، فكانت أحد الأسباب الرئيسة في ضياعنا وضياع عقولنا. الامر الذي يدفعنا أن ندرك بأننا اليوم لسنا بحاجة الى تربية أجسادنا فحسب، بل نحن في أمس الحاجة الى تربية مشاعرنا وأحاسيسنا وأفكارنا وعقولنا وسلوكياتنا.
ولا شك بأن التطورات التي طرأت على وسائل الإعلام أدت الى تغيير أدواته التي إعتاد عليها المتابع والمستخدم لها. كما أن مصادر المعلومات تعددت وتنوعت وأختلفت عما كانت عليه سابقاً، ما يجعلنا نعيد النظر في جوانب عدة:-
الأولى: ماهية مضمون الوسائل الإعلامية وأبعادها، وتأثيراتها.
والثانية: معرفة مصادر الأخبار والمعلومات وإدراك مدى صحتها ودقتها. والثالثة: معرفة الوسائل الرقمية من حيث إجابياتها وسلبياتها وتأثيراتها ومخاطرها، إضافة الى إدراك أبعاد الإستخدام الرقمي، وضرورة إمتلاك مهارات الإتصال والتواصل من خلال هذا الإستخدام، ومدى أخلاقياتنا وسلوكياتنا من خلال التعامل مع الوسائل الرقمية، ومدى التزامنا بقوانين الإعلام التقليدي، والإعلام الجديد.
وعودة الى عنوان المقال (التربية والثقافة الإعلامية الرقمية) والذي يحمل عنوان كتابي الذي سيصدر قريباً والذي يعتبر الكتاب الاول في الاردن الذي يربط التربية الإعلامية بالثقافة الإعلامية الرقمية، حيث يهدف الى مساعدة مؤسسات المجتمع المدني على فهم التربية الإعلامية وتطبيقها على أرض الواقع من خلال فهم المجتمع بالإعلام وأهميته ومخاطره وتأثيراته الإيجابية والسلبية على الفرد المتلقي للمعلومة والخبر والمشارك في المعلومة والخبر والمتفاعل، بخاصة أن المواطن تحول من مواطن عادي الى مواطن رقمي عبر الإعلام الجديد.
كما يساعد هذا الكتاب الافراد بمختلف الفئات على تثقيفهم إعلامياً وتدريبهم على الإستخدام الرقمي السليم لوسائل الإعلام والإعلام الجديد المتمثل بمنصات التواصل الاجتماعي وأشهرها “الفيسبوك”.
كما يساعد الأسرة وفي مقدمتها المرأة (الزوجة والأم والمربية) على كيفية التعامل مع وسائل الإعلام وثقافة الاستخدام الرقمي، وبالتالي فان تعاملها السليم وإدراكها السليم في طريقة الإستخدام ينعكس على أبنائها، وبالتالي على المجتمع ككل.
كما يساعد فئة الشباب وطلبة الجامعات على الفهم العميق لمفهوم الإتصال والتواصل والذي يعتبر جسر الأساس في الوصول على فهم التربية الإعلامية والثقافة الإعلامية الرقمية، وبالتالي نشأة جيل قادر على التمييز ما بين المعلومة المغلوطة والصحيحة، وبالتالي صد الشائعات والفتن، وتجنب اسلوب التنمر والإبتزاز والوصول الى خطاب معتدل الفكر بدلاً من خطاب الكراهية الذي أصبحنا نشهد انتشاره عبر الإعلام الجديد.
ولا شك ان الإتصال علم بحد ذاته ولا يمكن تجاهله بعيدأ عن التربية الإعلامية والثقافة الرقمية، كونه حاجة إنسانية ولولاه لما أصبح هناك تواصل ولما كان هناك إعلام بحيث تكمن أهمية الإتصال من خلال استخدام شبكة الإنترنت، والإعلام الرقمي – الالكتروني، والإعلام الجديد أيضاً، بخاصة وأن العالم تحول من قرية صغيرة الى غرفة كونية ننقل بها المعلومات للاخرين بمختلف أشكالها وأنواعها، نتيجة ثورة الاتصال الرقمية الهائلة التي نشهدها اليوم.
وبما أن عصرنا الحالي يشهد تطوراً سريعاً وهائلاً على وسائل الإتصال والإعلام، فكان من الضروري أن نتطرق الى التركيز والإهتمام ببعض المفاهيم والمصطلحات التي من الضروري ان يدركها أفراد المجتمع وكل قارىء لهذا الكتاب، حيث لا يمكن ان يكون هناك تربية إعلامية وثقافة رقمية من دون التوضيح لتلك المصطلحات والمفاهيم، بحيث نجد أن معظم الناس وحتى طلاب تخصص مادتي الصحافة والإعلام لا يميزون ما بين مفهوم الإعلام الإلكتروني والإعلام التقليدية. ولا يدركون بأن الإعلام الإلكتروني هو نفسه الصحافة الإلكترونية. كما أنهم لا يميزون ما بين الإعلام التقليدي والرقمي، وما بين الإعلام الجديد.
كما نجد خلطاً لأغلب الصحافيين والباحثين في المجال الإعلامي، فيما يتعلق ببعض المفاهيم الإعلامية، التي أصبحت تعمل على تشتيت ذهن القارىء، وذهن المستخدم لوسائل الإعلام والإتصال. فمنهم من يخلط ما بين مفهوم الصحافة الالكترونية اي (الإعلام الالكتروني)، وما بين الإعلام الرقمي، ومنهم من يخلط من حيث المفهوم ما بين الإعلام الرقمي وما بين الإعلام الجديد.
كما أن الكثيرين سواء أكانوا طلاب جامعات أم أساتذة ام إعلاميين وصحافيين، يعملون على تشتيت ذهن القارىء عن دون قصد، أو لعدم إدراكهم الكافي لتلك المفاهيم والتعريفات.
فعلى سبيل المثال: هناك من يطلق على الإعلام الجديد بـ “الإعلام التفاعلي”، وهناك من يطلق عليه بـ “الإعلام المجتمعي”، وهناك من يطلق عليه الإعلام البديل. لكن الأصح بأن نقول: (الإعلام الجديد) والذي يعتبر الفيسبوك والهواتف الذكية) من ابرز اشكاله، لاننا لو أطلقنا عليه الإعلام البديل فهذا يعني أن الاعلام الجديد أصبح بديلاً عن الوسائل الاعلامية التقيدية الأخرى، وبالتالي فإن هذا المفهوم يلغي الوسائل القديمة، لذا لا يجوز أن نطلق على الإعلام الجديد بالإعلام البديل.
كما أن هناك الكثيرين لا يدركون بأن الإعلام الجديد يعني الفيسبوك والهواتف الذكية والتي من خلالها نستطيع إستخدام مواقع التواصل الإجتماعي والبرامج الإتصالية الأخرى. لذا فإن اولى خطوات التربية الإعلامية هو التثقيف الإعلامي الذي نحن في أمس الحاجة اليه، وعندما نتثقف إعلامياً فمن السهولة تطبيق التربية الإعلامية على أنفسنا.
ومن هنا، جاء التركيز والإهتمام بتخصيص جزء من الكتاب كي يعتمد القارىء على المفاهيم والتعريفات حرصاً منا على عدم تشتيت ذهنه، ولتجنب الفوضى الإعلامية فيما يتعلق بالتعريفات والمصطلحات والمفاهيم.
ولا يسعني سوى القول: صروح العلم، أولئك الذين يتعلمون فيها إحترام الرأي المخالف، ومحبة وتقبل الآخر، ويتعلمون فيها أن حب الوطن غير قابل للقياس، ولا يقدر بثمن، ويجب إعطاؤه بسخاء. ويتعلمون فيها بأن لكل عمل أو مهنة، رسالة مقدسة وجب إحترامها وتقديمها بضمير. يتخرجون منها بــ “درجة الشرف”.
They were developed, promoted and successfully put into practice as a therapeutic system by the German physician, Dr Schuessler at the end
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In 1976, Kennedy opened a chain of fitness shops known as MuscleMag International, the first of which opened in downtown Toronto
on Yonge Street. Kennedy quickly adopted with shops
in Miami, Big Apple, Las Vegas, and within the state of California,
eventually reaching 28 shops.
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Featuring photographs and drawings of younger males posing and flexing their muscular tissues, often in small posing
straps, physique magazines flourished from the
mid-1950s to the early Nineteen Sixties. They had been the main supply of print and visible tradition for
gay men before Stonewall; on the top of their popularity, the physiques outcirculated homophile magazines by almost ten to at least one.
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Though on the peak of physique pictures’s popularity there were
more than one hundred muscle magazines available on the market, Mizer’s Physique Pictorial was among the many longest-running
and finest recognized. The photos, editorials, and letters in Physique
Pictorial offer an exemplary document of the emergence of a
popular homosexual male visible culture as nicely
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might develop. This was an aesthetic flip that obtained Mizer, together with an entire technology of
physique photographers, into fixed hassle with the police and the state.
Indeed, one approach to understand the history of physique images is as the struggle
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keep away from police harassment and the censors at the us
An hour-long DVD can be included, containing 18 films made by Bob Mizer between 1954 and 1968, in black-and-white
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Frankenstein’s monster, in posing straps, is a standout.
In 1951 Mizer launched Physique Pictorial, America’s first indisputably homosexual magazine, bringing his pictures of top bodybuilders to grateful readers worldwide.
In 1957 he published a catalog featuring all his
men, titled a thousand Model Listing. A second one thousand Model Listing adopted in 1968, with the men photographed within the intervening years.
The little 98-page books grew to become instant collectibles, however the pictures were so small, 12 to a page, that
they have been as irritating to view as they have been titillating.
Bob Mizer began taking photographs of strapping younger males
on Muscle Seaside in L.A.’s Venice Beach back in 1945.
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Jim and Champ hit it off without delay and the photographer
proceeded with the first of 21 separate photo periods with the boy.
These pictures rapidly turned him into the first (and nonetheless most enduringly
popular) homosexual icons of all time. Stryker was recent out
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rising portfolio of younger male fashions, Champ traveled particularly to a rural swimming gap to fulfill the gorgeous blonde youth.
Upon arrival, he was greeted with the breathtaking
sight of a fully bare 18-year-old in a tree, laughing uproariously as he urinated on a
good friend standing beneath.
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Postal Service in the Nineteen Fifties and 1960s, and some
of them—Mizer included—served jail sentences.
After a police raid on physique collectors in Northampton, Massachusetts, Smith School
English professor Newton Arvin was forced to testify towards friends and colleagues and
attempted suicide. Supreme Court Docket heard an obscenity case centered on physique
magazines in MANual Enterprises v. Day, and ruled 6-1 within the magazines’ favor,
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Cowboys, hustlers, petty thugs, army studs gone AWOL, sports stars, and all-American boys peopled the pages in the posing straps that (reportedly) his mother
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Monster Muscle is the writer of the industry’s leading bodybuilding, powerlifting and energy coaching journal.
Monster Muscle also carries a complete line of dietary supplements, books and
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The ruling in MANual Enterprises opened the door for the physique magazines to become extra
open in regards to the erotic lure of physique photos in addition to
the particularly gay sexuality they were addressing. Slowly over the course of the 1960s, physique pictures grew more overtly sexual as artists depicted their models nude
and chose younger, slimmer men—and boys—to photograph.
Although Mizer’s images retained their Fifties environment of playful, boyish romping, most different photographers
shortly moved to take benefit of what they saw
as each more expressive and extra worthwhile sexual nudes.
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Discover out what your favourite bodybuilders, each previous and current,
wish to accomplish this yr. He responds to what his subjects deliver to the moment and loves assembly each new particular person and the
journey that is often concerned. The blower’s butterflies, purple backlighting, and belt drives have
been all powered by an electric motor that could
possibly be actuated by the stunt driver inside the cabin. It was on no account linked to the engine, nor did it generate any power that
went through to the rear wheels. The automotive can be fitted with a set of 15-inch, gold-colored “snowflake” wheels, which
seem to have been sourced from a late 1970s Trans Am, and has had its rear bumper painted physique
shade. Making its first look early within the film, Michael’s hardtop GTO
receives fairly a little bit of screentime, and looks splendid throughout draped in Solar Red paint with a black vinyl interior.
To make the automotive extra nimble, the overall size of the GTO was decreased by close
to six inches from the previous mannequin.
With its wonderful efficiency and swoopy aesthetics,
the ’68 Goat was an unqualified success, turning into the brand new standard in muscle automobiles.
Pontiac utterly redesigned its muscle automobile, giving it
sensuous curves in lieu of sharp creases. It soon becomes
clear that Dr. Roberts was proper, because the system creates
a time/space vortex, manifesting folks, creatures, and objects from the longer term and the past.
With T-Rexes and Roman gladiators now wandering the
halls of the high school, it turns into clear that the vortex is a threat to the town, and finally the whole universe.
It comes all the means down to Michael, Vince, and Ellie to step up
and save the day. While there have been a number of examples of sedate, mid-sized automobiles which had
scorching motors in them that predated the Goat,
none hit the precise formula that came to outline the time period “muscle car” just like the GTO did.
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