الإصلاح في الأردن بداية جديدة أم شراء للوقت؟
بقلم: تاج الدين عبد الحق

النشرة الدولية –

إرم نيوز –

يجد الأردنيون صعوبة في التعويل على اللجنة التي شكلها الملك عبد الله الثاني؛ بهدف تقديم مقترحات له بشأن الإصلاح السياسي، حتى مع إعلانه واستعداده المسبق لقبول أي مقترحات مهما كانت، والموافقة عليها أيًا كان المدى الذي تصل إليه.

ومع الإقرار بالنوايا الطيبة لمبادرة الملك، إلا أن هناك شعورًا بأنها جاءت متأخرة شكلًا، وأنها موضوعيًا محاطة بشكوك من زمن محاولات إصلاح سابقة، لم تصل فيها ـ تلك المحاولات ـ إلى نتائج حاسمة، إن لم تكن قد فاقمت المشكلات المزمنة التي عانت منها المسيرة الأردنية، وأضافت لها أبعادًا جديدة أسهمت في تعميق المشكلة، وأضافت المزيد من الأعباء على صانع القرار، والكثير من المعاناة، والتضييق على حريات الأفراد، وحقوقهم الأساسية، فضلًا عن المشكلات الحياتية أو الأزمات المعيشية.

من حيث الشكل، اللجنة الملكية الأردنية للإصلاح هي من جنس مبادرات سابقة لم يُكتب لها النجاح، ولم تصل مخرجاتها إلى ما يعين الأردن على تجاوز التعقيدات السياسية، والصعوبات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية.

فاللجنة بتشكيلتها المعلنة، وبالأسماء التي تضمنتها، تعيد إنتاج الوصفة نفسها، فهي لجنة من شخصيات اختبر الأردنيون معظمها، وكانت لهم ملاحظات معروفة على أدائها، وسيرتها، ومسؤوليتها عن بعض مظاهر الخلل والاضطراب الذي شهده الأردن طوال العقدين الماضيين على الأقل.

صحيح أن تشكيلة اللجنة ضمت وجوهًا وطنية وحزبية تحظى بالشعبية والمصداقية، إلا أن حصة هذه الشريحة في عضوية اللجنة قد لا تكون كافية لإحداث فارق جوهري في توجهات الأغلبية، التي ظلت محكومة بإرث من الممارسات التقليدية، وسمعة سياسية مشوهة تجعل من دورها وطروحاتها في مناقشات اللجنة وأعمالها باعثًا على الريبة والشك.

إلى ذلك، فإن العناوين التي تعمل اللجنة على ترجمتها إلى هياكل ومؤسسات عمل سياسية هي في جوهرها النظري ذات طبيعة تأسيسية، ومن شأنها، إذا قُيّض لها النجاح، إعادة كتابة العقد الاجتماعي المنظم لعمل الدولة ومؤسساتها، خاصة ما يتعلق منها بالتعديلات الدستورية، وصلاحيات الحكومة وقانون الانتخاب، وقانون الأحزاب، وغيرها من القوانين المتصلة بحقوق المواطنة والممارسة السياسية.

وهذه الأمور بطبيعتها التأسيسية لا يجوز أن تكون محكومة برؤى شخصية مهما علت مكانة أصحابها من الناحية الفكرية، ونجوميتهم وتراثهم السياسي وسيرتهم الوظيفية.

فالأصل أن تتولى مهمة صياغة ”العقد الاجتماعي“ لجنة دستورية منتخبة، حرة في عملها وصلاحياتها، وأن تكون محكومة في مرجعياتها لسلطة الشعب عبر الاستفتاء على أي مخرجات تصل إليها.

ومع التقدير لتعهد الملك بأن يوافق مسبقًا ودون تحفظ على ما تصل إليه اللجنة المشكلة بإرادة ملكية، فإن هذا التعهد برغم القيمة المعنوية التي يمثلها، ليس ملبيًا لطموحات الإصلاح المنشودة، فالملك في واقع الأمر شريك فعلي في السلطة التنفيذية، بل إن الولاية العامة معقودة له من الناحية العملية، وهو بحكم دوره الحَكَم الفصل في كل شؤون الحكم.

وحتى لو التزم الملك حرفيًا بتعهداته، بما في ذلك تعديل صلاحياته ووضع قيود على ممارسته الدستورية، فإن اعتباره المرجعية التي يتم عبرها نفاذ التعديلات والتصديق على الإصلاح ووضعه موضع التطبيق، يجعل هذا الإصلاح، إن حدث، برنامجًا سياسيًا لا إطارًا دستوريًا ثابتًا، فالملك الذي أجاز التغييرات وأتاح لها التطبيق يجعل من تعهده وضمانته منحة يكون قادرًا على استردادها، وتعديلها وإلغائها متى ما أراد.

وحتى لو عُرضت الإصلاحات على مجلس النواب لنيل موافقته، فإن هذا العرض لا يغني عن الآليات الدستورية التي تحتاجها عملية إصلاح حقيقية، فالمرجعية النيابية بوضعها الحالي وبالآليات التي يجري فيها اختيار مجلس النواب لا تعد كافية للتصديق على قوانين تأسيسية، كتلك التي ينتظرها المواطن الأردني.

لذلك فإن الإصلاح حتى يكون مستوفيًا لشروطه، وملبيًا لطموحات الناس ومستجيبًا لآمالهم، يجب أن يبدأ من القاعدة للقمة، لا العكس. وهذا يعني أن يتم اختيار الهيئة التي تكلف بإعداد برنامج الإصلاح بالانتخاب، وأن تكون هناك ضمانات على حيادها، بحيث يكون الحكم على ما يتم التوصل إليه من نتائج ومقترحات موضعًا لاستفتاء شعبي منضبط بالنزاهة، التي تكفلها وتسهر على التأكد منها جهات رقابية محلية ودولية معتبرة، وعندها فقط نتأكد من أن عملية الإصلاح عملية جدية، وليست محاولة للشراء من وقت الأزمة، والتحايل على استحقاق طال انتظاره.

‫5 تعليقات

  1. Magnesium deficiency is common, however left unchecked, it might be serious.
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    In 2017 the Bob Mizer Basis (bobmizer.org) re-launched Physique Pictorial with quarterly issues that function both new photography as properly
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    They had been developed, promoted and successfully put into
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    Kennedy quickly adopted with shops in Miami, Ny, Las Vegas, and in the state of California, eventually reaching 28 shops.

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    Other magazines, meanwhile, like Philadelphia’s Drum, began to be
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    Overtly gay magazines like Drum and Vector emerged that combined homosexual activism with
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    swimsuit.
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    Swallow extended-release capsules and delayed-release/enteric
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    References:

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  2. The major difference is that you start and cease with the barbell on the floor between each
    rep. The key to the Romanian deadlift is to start out with light
    weights to get the form right, and give consideration to muscle contact in your glutes
    and the again of your thighs. If you discover the squat tough to grasp, the
    leg press offers an alternate. Being a machine train, the approach is fairly simple to study, and also you don’t have to fret about balancing or stabilizing your body.
    Manish is a NASM-certified fitness and nutrition coach with over 10 years of expertise in weight
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    Hip thrusts are largely thought to be the single greatest
    train in your glutes. Of course, strolling beneath a load
    will generate more stress, however the flexion and extension of the knees are minimal.
    A heavier load will naturally cause a smaller gait and minimize the range of motion which can be utilized if needed.
    The farmer’s carry is yet one more great train for unhealthy knees that originates from Strongman.
    This combination targets all elements of your quadriceps
    for optimum growth. Putting your feet at the top of the footplate
    shifts a number of the emphasis to your posterior chain muscular tissues, together with your glutes and
    your hamstrings. That’s not a nasty thing, however to maximally goal your quads, place them decrease on the footplate.
    Front squats demand flexibility within the hips, ankles, shoulders,
    and wrists, making them more challenging than regular squats.
    In the long run, they can help improve your flexibility, however for somebody new to this nice train,
    the mobility requirements are high in comparability with many different compound actions.
    A) Place your feet wider than hip-width aside and
    lower down right into a squat position together with your knees monitoring over your toes.

    Therefore, when they’re too weak, the physique doesn’t function correctly and extreme stress
    is placed on the lower physique joints together with the knee⁸.

    The advantage of the lower body workouts we just covered is that they’re unbelievable whether you have sore knees or not.
    So whereas you must be utilizing them, we hope it is since you
    want to, and not because you need to. A resistance band around your thighs will
    make it even more durable on this exercise which will help fight knee pain.
    Explosively extend your hips and exhale—allowing the momentum to swing the weight up to shoulder level.
    Management the descent, however use the momentum to start the subsequent rep.

    The training triggers progress, however your meals provides the means.
    If you don’t eat enough, your physique won’t have the
    constructing blocks to add muscle size. The squat
    is a traditional barbell carry and one of the best
    leg workout routines you can do. The adductors extend and adduct (bring inwards) your thighs, and is worked in workouts just like the
    barbell squat, Romanian deadlift, and Bulgarian cut up
    squat. How many leg workouts you must do depends on how much time you need
    to make investments, and how important it’s to get optimum leg muscle growth compared to “just” good leg development.

    Step again and set your ft at shoulder width with toes turned out slightly.
    Squat as low as you presumably can with out dropping the arch
    in your decrease back. Dedicate yourself to writing down your weights and reps,
    and fight onerous to increase them in your next exercise. If you most likely did three sets
    of six reps at 60 kg (~130 lb) within the squat last workout, you can attempt to do three sets of six reps
    at sixty two.5 kg (~135 lb) within the next exercise.
    They would possibly attempt to increase the variety of reps for a couple of exercises
    earlier than they improve the weight, and then concentrate on increasing the reps for few exercises again.
    As a rule of thumb, resting for two to 3 minutes between units is an effective
    steadiness between getting sufficient restoration and
    nonetheless being time-efficient together with your coaching.
    The key to this train, as it is with many workouts, is to prioritize type and muscle contact over weight, and to get a deep stretch within the
    bottom of the movement.
    There are advantages of incorporating each barbell and dumbbell-dependent leg workout workout routines into your training.

    Ladies usually give attention to lower body workouts to attain a toned and sculpted look.
    Glute bridges are a decrease physique train that targets the muscle tissue of the hips and thighs.
    The exercise is performed from a supine, or face-up, place on the ground
    and involves lifting the hips off the ground to
    kind a straight line from the shoulders to the knees.

    References:

    What Do Anabolic Steroids Do When Taken As Medication (Wacari-Git.Ru)

  3. This metabolic shift advantages athletes needing optimum energy administration and people managing weight by way of dietary interventions.
    Anavar is by far probably the most well-tolerated steroid for females, unlike Winstrol.
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    Anavar will elevate LDL cholesterol moderately, rising the chance
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    Ladies taking more than 10 mg/day or cycling Anavar beyond 6 weeks dramatically increase the chance of virilization, in our experience.
    If you’re a used of Anavar (Oxandrolone), it might be price ingesting the oral anabolic steroid with a cup of coffee, supplemented caffeine
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    These unwanted facet effects are extra widespread in individuals who are genetically predisposed or delicate to androgenic results.
    To mitigate these dangers, maintaining proper hygiene,
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    Shorter cycles may be appropriate for beginners or those that are new to
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    Anavar’s aesthetic benefits embody an increase in glycogen storage capability.

    On the opposite hand, that is likely to lead
    to a worsening of renal inflammation. To stop extra liver injury, Anavar shouldn’t be used with hepatotoxic substances like alcohol.
    In addition, customers shouldn’t use Anavar if their liver is already infected
    or injured, since this would possibly trigger more hurt.

    Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taken at a daily dosage of 500 milligrams
    in its place dietary complement, might offer shoppers further
    protection. In conjunction with a poor life-style, taking excessive amounts of
    Anavar may lead to undesirable unwanted facet effects, some of which may not turn out to be obvious until
    a subsequent medical examine. In the sport of bodybuilding, when veins are seen simply beneath the skin’s surface, this
    is known as vascularity.
    Anavar cycles sometimes last for 4-8 weeks, adopted by a break of equal duration (4-8 weeks) earlier than starting a new cycle.
    This break interval permits the body to recuperate and helps to prevent potential
    overexposure to the steroid. It is important to understand that the optimum Anavar dosage and cycle duration will depend upon particular person goals, tolerance, and potential unwanted
    effects skilled.
    In comparability, Anavar leans more in the path of sustainable energy
    positive aspects, increased energy, and enhanced performance with out substantial weight gains.
    Steroids like Testosterone and Trenbolone carry a excessive androgenic
    rating, usually resulting in unwanted effects corresponding to
    pimples, hair loss, elevated aggression, and other masculinizing traits.
    Anavar’s low androgenic index makes these unwanted side effects far less common and is especially helpful for people sensitive to androgens, including ladies.

    Here Is an EliteFitness thread about Anavar for
    girls, the place the poster begins with 5mg every day (split into two 2.5mg doses),
    with plans to later increase dosage to 10mg per day.
    Earlier Than, we discussed the numerous benefits of Anavar, with one being that it might possibly construct lean muscle.
    Nevertheless, many Anavar studies have revolved around burn victims, children with delayed development and ladies with
    Turner syndrome.
    If you’re contemplating using Anavar to enhance your physique, you’re most likely wondering how much muscle mass and
    energy you can acquire. The fact is, the quantity of gains you can count on to see from Anavar will rely upon several components, together with your food regimen, coaching regimen,
    and genetics. Nonetheless, there are some basic pointers that may assist you to estimate the potential gains you can expect from an Anavar cycle.
    In conclusion, Anavar cycles for various levels in bodybuilding must be tailor-made while respecting the levels
    of your health traversal. If you’re an endurance athlete trying to
    improve your performance, Anavar can provide a
    variety of advantages.
    As quickly as our sufferers start to expertise the early phases of gynecomastia, they
    start operating letrozole on the dosages said above.
    Thus, the outlined PCT have to be applied to kick-start endogenous
    testosterone back to normal levels again. Though they’re primarily the identical compound, they have totally different esters.
    This implies that acetate will work sooner than enanthate,
    and subsequently, cycles could be shorter. As with any potent substance, starting out with Winstrol requires a cautious strategy, significantly for beginners.
    It’s essential to realize an understanding of the how’s and why’s earlier
    than incorporating it into your regimen.
    Over the previous 4 years, we now have spent over 123,000 hours researching food
    dietary supplements, meal shakes, weight loss, and wholesome dwelling.
    Our purpose is to educate people about their effects, advantages,
    and the means to achieve a most wholesome way of
    life. These dangers embrace hormonal imbalances, liver toxicity,
    cardiovascular points, and extra. Moreover,
    the utilization of steroids may be illegal without a prescription and is commonly in opposition to the rules of many sports organizations.
    It is necessary to note that taking greater than the really helpful dosage can lead to severe health issues,
    and it is essential to comply with the recommended dosage to keep
    away from opposed side effects.
    Women who are already susceptible to hair loss ought to think twice earlier than taking this steroid.
    These embrace emasculating effects although Primobolan is only mildly androgenic.

    For beginners, a primary cycle would be to take 400mg per week, for 10 weeks,
    stacked with 300 – 500mg of Testosterone per week. Obviously, the steroid doesn’t work miracles, so should you really need to see the effects of Primobolan you’ll need to ensure you’re doing plenty of cardio, training proper,
    and eating the right foods. The actuality is, this is
    fairly difficult to do and many individuals flip to the usage
    of steroids or prohormones to hurry up the process
    and obtain main results.

    References:

    best Legal steroid Alternatives

  4. Combining l-tryptophan with carbohydrates in a meal aids absorption and amplifies
    its soothing effects. Bodybuilders at our clinic have reported
    waking up in the midst of the evening in a puddle of sweat on trenbolone.
    Thus, to inhibit excessive adrenaline, we advise customers to reduce their
    caffeine intake when biking tren.
    This surely is a constructive; nevertheless, bodybuilders will need to be careful not to carry excessively heavy throughout their first few
    trenbolone cycles to permit their muscular tissues and tendons time to adapt.
    We have handled males with hernias, torn muscles, and ruptured
    tendons as a consequence of lifting too heavy. We have
    identified of users who are comparatively new to anabolic steroids, adding nearly a hundred pounds to their bench press on trenbolone inside the first month of a
    cycle.
    These unwanted aspect effects can last several weeks or
    months, therefore why we recommend bodybuilders opt for aggressive PCT (post-cycle therapy).
    From our blood exams, we all know that the post-cycle crash
    could be fierce on tren, indicative of damage to the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA) and deficient
    endogenous testosterone levels. This could occur due
    to infrequent injections, thus occurring during a time when serum testosterone levels taper off (just earlier than a new dose).
    We have found trenbolone to be some of the doubtless steroids to cause hair loss, recession, or thinning on the scalp as a result of its highly androgenic nature.

    Some of our sufferers come to the conclusion that trenbolone
    just isn’t worth it as a result of its harsh side effects, being some of
    the toxic steroids a person can take (physiologically and psychologically).

    Tren causes acne due to androgens stimulating the sebaceous glands, causing elevated sebum production, which
    is a waxy substance used to moisturize the pores and skin. With testosterone, androgen, and nitric
    oxide ranges surging, blood move will improve to the
    penis, positively affecting dimension and erection quality.
    We have found that one method to overcome insomnia is to eat ample quantities of steak, hen, or turkey before bedtime, combined with giant quantities of carbohydrates.

    These three types of meat are rich in l-tryptophan, an amino acid that
    has sedative qualities, serving to to appease users’ central nervous methods.

    He has been a board-certified MD since 2005 and provides guidance on harm reduction methodologies.
    We see the unfavorable unwanted effects of tren occurring more at higher dosages (over four hundred mg/week).
    When 19 steroid-induced hypogonadal men got Dr. Scally’s PCT protocol in a
    scientific setting, 100 percent of them recovered their endogenous testosterone manufacturing within 45 days.
    Due To This Fact, trenbolone could exacerbate mental well being points, and thus
    weak people should steer away from this steroid.
    Many individuals discover trenbolone to be an emotional rollercoaster, causing temper swings each hour.
    Nonetheless, for the rest of the physique, users can anticipate faster and thicker hair growth (3),
    which can be advantageous for men coveting more grandiose beards.

    Due to elevated DHT levels, we see tren customers sometimes experience androgenetic alopecia,
    which means a lack of hair on the scalp (2). If you wrestle to fall asleep at evening, trenbolone is most likely not an appropriate steroid because of its stimulative results on the CNS (central nervous
    system), inflicting insomnia. Trenbolone stimulates the central nervous system, increasing the
    manufacturing of adrenaline and due to this fact inducing thermogenesis.

    One benefit of that is that the metabolism increases, helping
    users burn extra calories naturally all through the day.
    Generally, we’ve discovered trenbolone’s fat-burning results to be overpowered by its capability to pack on muscle;
    thus, most will utilize trenbolone when attempting to achieve
    lean mass. If an individual is prone to zits vulgaris, trenbolone is prone to trigger further breakouts because of its androgenic nature.

    This happens because of a rise in blood strain,
    indicating decreased blood move to the heart; thus, deeper breaths are wanted to increase oxygen supply.
    It just isn’t uncommon for users to experience shortness of breath
    when walking up the stairs or doing gentle train on tren. Trenbolone’s effects on strength
    are truly exceptional, especially as it does not
    aromatize and cause water retention. However, others argue that tren’s opposed results are
    exaggerated and never notably worse than those of other anabolics.

    Furthermore, nearly each trenbolone product is completely
    different primarily based on the UGL (underground lab) producer and
    their talent at formulating a pure product.
    You can’t definitively know what to anticipate from tren until you inject it, as
    people have completely different experiences primarily based on their genetics.

    For instance, if a beginner utilizes low doses
    of trenbolone, their results when it comes to muscle hypertrophy will be
    outstanding (gaining roughly 30 kilos of lean muscle). One man can turn into hypertensive under our care after a couple
    of cycles, whereas another man’s blood stress can stay within the normal vary.
    This trio of medications has confirmed to be a fantastic success at
    our clinic and in clinical trials for restoring the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA) from anabolic steroids.

    Seemingly, it is more and more tough to remain calm
    with an elevated coronary heart rate and high levels of adrenaline.
    However, the negative effect of high adrenaline levels is increased sweating
    in and out of the gym. However, those who aim to
    maintain their hairline through common tren cycles will encounter significant challenges.

    We have found that respiratory distress also can happen when injecting other steroids, such as testosterone
    cypionate.
    A notable discount in extracellular water could make a lean particular person look considerably extra ripped.
    Nonetheless, an individual greater in physique fats might not discover any
    will increase in muscle definition, merely from
    shifts in water. This just isn’t thought to be severe and
    is most probably associated to trenbolone’s high androgenicity,
    inflicting inflammatory lipids (prostaglandins) to become activated.
    Thus, upon injection, vasoconstriction of the muscular wall (in the bronchus) causes some irritation to the lungs.

    Nonetheless, when there is an excess of this viscous fluid,
    it can block the pores, leading to cystic zits in very sensitive users.

    In this occasion, we have discovered that cabergoline, a dopaminergic that’s medically used to
    deal with hyperprolactinemia (high ranges of prolactin), helps to revive optimal
    sexual perform. This highly effective aura might be observed by everyone round them,
    and never only will confidence improve on a social degree but also on a primal level.

    We have come to know that every aggressive powerlifter will be running trenbolone
    in their stack before a meet.

    References:

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